Enhanced cage insertion assembly

ABSTRACT

A method of delivering a fusion cage to an intervertebral disc space bounded by adjacent vertebral endplates, comprising the step of delivering the fusion cage into the disc space without contacting its teeth to the vertebral endplates during delivery, wherein a sheath is interposed between a cage surface and the endplates to prevent contact therebetween during delivery.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of and claims priority from U.S. Ser. No. 15/147,544 filed May 5, 2016, which is a continuation of and claims priority from U.S. Ser. No. 14/623,982, filed Feb. 17, 2015, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,833,334, which is a continuation of and claims priority from U.S. Ser. No. 12/822,739, filed Jun. 24, 2010, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,979,860, the specification of each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The natural intervertebral disc contains a jelly-like nucleus pulposus surrounded by a fibrous annulus fibrosus. Under an axial load, the nucleus pulposus compresses and radially transfers that load to the annulus fibrosus. The laminated nature of the annulus fibrosus provides it with a high tensile strength and so allows it to expand radially in response to this transferred load.

In a healthy intervertebral disc, cells within the nucleus pulposus produce an extracellular matrix (ECM) containing a high percentage of proteoglycans. These proteoglycans contain sulfated functional groups that retain water, thereby providing the nucleus pulposus with its cushioning qualities. These nucleus pulposus cells may also secrete small amounts of cytokines as well as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). These cytokines and MMPs help regulate the metabolism of the nucleus pulposus cells.

In some instances of degenerative disc disease (DDD), gradual degeneration of the intervertebral disc is caused by mechanical instabilities in other portions of the spine. In these instances, increased loads and pressures on the nucleus pulposus cause the cells within the disc (or invading macrophages) to emit larger than normal amounts of the above-mentioned cytokines In other instances of DDD, genetic factors or apoptosis can also cause the cells within the nucleus pulposus to emit toxic amounts of these cytokines and MMPs. In some instances, the pumping action of the disc may malfunction (due to, for example, a decrease in the proteoglycan concentration within the nucleus pulposus), thereby retarding the flow of nutrients into the disc as well as the flow of waste products out of the disc. This reduced capacity to eliminate waste may result in the accumulation of high levels of proinflammatory cytokines and/or MMPs that may cause nerve irritation and pain.

As DDD progresses, toxic levels of the cytokines and MMPs present in the nucleus pulposus begin to degrade the extracellular matrix. In particular, the MMPs (as mediated by the cytokines) begin cleaving the water-retaining portions of the proteoglycans, thereby reducing their water-retaining capabilities. This degradation leads to a less flexible nucleus pulposus, and so changes the loading pattern within the disc, thereby possibly causing delamination of the annulus fibrosus. These changes cause more mechanical instability, thereby causing the cells to emit even more cytokines, typically thereby upregulating MMPs. As this destructive cascade continues and DDD further progresses, the disc begins to bulge (“a herniated disc”), and then ultimately ruptures, causing the nucleus pulposus to contact the spinal cord and produce pain.

One proposed method of managing these problems is to remove the problematic disc and replace it with a porous device that restores disc height and allows for bone growth therethrough for the fusion of the adjacent vertebrae. These devices are commonly called “fusion devices”.

Designs of intervertebral fusion devices are generally either box-like (i.e., Smith-Robinson style) or threaded cylinders (i.e., Cloward style). Smith-Robinson style implants have the advantage of possessing better contact area to the vertebral endplates, but rely on a coarse surface texture (such as teeth) to prevent their migration once implanted. Insertion then requires over distraction of the disc space to slide the implant in or to provide a smoother implant, which can migrate post-op.

One such box-like design is the Brantigan cage, which is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,743,256 (“Brantigan”). Brantigan discloses an improved surgical method for eliminating spinal back pain caused by ruptured or degenerated vertebral discs by spanning the disc space between adjacent vertebrae with rigid fusion devices, or “cages”, having surfaces facilitating bone ingrowth and bottomed on prepared sites of the vertebrae to integrate the implant with the vertebrae and to provide a permanent weight supporting strut maintaining the disc space.

One commercial box-like design is the injection-molded carbon fiber reinforced PEEK (CFRP) cage made by DePuy Spine. However, these cages are difficult to insert because of the interference fit that is required for intervertebral space distraction. In addition, the reinforced PEEK material that makes up the teeth is brittle and so is susceptible to breakage when applying impact or torque loads to the implant.

Current interbody devices are made from single materials (e.g., machined titanium, or molded and/or machined PEEK). Titanium has the disadvantage of being radiopaque (which can interfere with fusion assessment on x-ray) while also having a high modulus of elasticity (which can stress shield the bone graft). Injection molded CFRP is very brittle and susceptible to fracture during insertion. Unreinforced PEEK is much less brittle but also weaker than carbon-filled PEEK, requiring thicker-walled designs (diminishing space for bone graft). In addition, the teeth of an unreinforced PEEK cage are softer and so may allow more migration. Both PEEK and carbon-filled PEEK are radiolucent.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,824,565 (“Muhana”) discloses implant and instrument designs wherein some of the implant embodiments have planked designs and a mating inserter instrument. However, the disclosed inserter wraps around the exterior of the implant and partially into grooves on the implant. Moreover, the disclosed implant is derived from bone and is not hollow. The insertion technique disclosed by Muhana requires a cutting tool to prepare a channel for the implant.

US Patent Publication 2008-0154377 (Voellmicke) discloses a cage adapted to contain an inserter within its inner volume during insertion.

US Patent Publication 2009-0198339 (Kleiner) discloses an implantable intervertebral fusion cage including a removable means for retaining material inside of the cage during implantation. Embodiments are directed toward an implantable intervertebral fusion cage that includes at least one removable shield or veneer that is capable of retaining a surgically useful material, such as a spinal fusion-inducing material, inside of the fusion cage during implantation and/or until the shield or veneer is removed. None of the Kleiner shields cover the teeth of the cages.

U.S. Pat. No. 7,569,054 (Michelson) discloses disc space docking and distraction means. In particular, Michelson discloses an apparatus for use in human surgery has a tubular member with a passage for providing protected access to a surgical site. The passage has a minimum width transverse to the mid-longitudinal axis of the tubular member. Two opposed extensions extend from the distal end of the tubular member. The extensions each have a length and a maximum height perpendicular to the length. The maximum height of the extensions are less than the length of each extension and greater than one-half the minimum width of the passage. Each extension has an interior surface at least in part facing the mid-longitudinal axis of the tubular member. The interior surfaces of the extensions are spaced apart from one another along the length of each extension a distance no less than the minimum width of the passage. Each extension has opposed bone contacting surfaces configured to contact portions of bone.

Other relevant instruments include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,008,431 (“Simonson”); U.S. Pat. No. 5,797,909 (“Michelson II”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,080,155 (“Michelson III”); U.S. Pat. No. 6,096,038 (“Michelson IV”); U.S. Pat. No. 7,300,440 (“Zdeblick”); and U.S. Patent Publication 2009-0198339 (“Kleiner”).

In summary, the insertion of both smooth and toothed intervertebral cages has proven to be problematic due to high resistance forces (friction) and interference fit of the cage and intervertebral space. Whereas toothed cages are difficult to insert, cages with smooth upper and lower surfaces have demonstrated undesirable migration.

Current injection-molded PEEK or carbon fiber reinforced PEEK (CFRP) cages are difficult to insert because of the interference fit between the textured/spiked surfaces of the implant and the bony endplates.

The difficulty of direct, unshielded cage insertion and final positioning in the disc space also increases the likelihood of bony endplate damage, as the disc space preparation, FSU distraction forces and insertion trajectory are variable.

Consistent and accurate placement of the posteriorly inserted spinal fusion cages is difficult because light tamping and impaction are employed for final positioning. Cages have been over inserted via pushing or impaction through the annulus and into the adjacent body cavities and/or structures.

Most cages are filled with graft and/or bone inducing substances including BMP and collagen sponge. It has been found that the graft and/or BMP frequently drips or falls out of the graft retaining pockets. The uncontrolled delivery of the BMP/graft can irritate adjacent tissues and prompt bone formation in undesired locations including heterotopic bone.

Many spinal fusion procedures require either pre and or post packing of the disc space, thereby increasing patient risk and operative time.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with the present invention, there is provided a cage insertion instrument adapted to insert an intervertebral interbody cage through a conventional spinal surgery approach (such as ALIF, TLIF, PLIF, or LLIF). In preferred embodiments, this instrument includes a cannulated sheath comprising a) a proximal cannulated portion, and b) a distal cannulated sheath that surrounds the cage during insertion into the disc space. The sheath shields the textured surface of the cage from the vertebral body endplates, thereby preventing their stress-inducing engagement therewith. The sheath has an expandable tapered or bulleted distal tip to ease insertion and placement of the instrument (and cage) within the disc space. Once the cage is inserted to its proper depth in the disc space, the sheath can be refracted while the cage is held stationary by a threaded rod disposed within the sheath. This retraction exposes the sharp, textured surface of the cage for engagement with the vertebral endplates.

Therefore, the inserter of the present invention provides a number of benefits to the spinal surgeon. In particular, it provides initial distraction of the disc space, improves the ease of insertion and placement of an intervertebral spacer, minimizes damage to the spacer and/or endplate during spacer insertion and placement, provides a means to deliver and contain graft within the spacer and surrounding disc space, and reduces the secondary positioning and time required to implant a spacer.

The sheath also provides a delivery and containment means for bone graft and/or BMP's, bone graft can be placed either within the cage, or distal or proximal to the cage for simultaneous delivery therewith. This containment means prevents leakage during insertion into the body, during placement into the disc space, and during final deployment into the disc space.

Therefore, in accordance with the present invention, there is provided an assembly comprising:

a) an intervertebral fusion cage having a leading end, a trailing end, an upper face and a lower face, and

b) an inserter comprising:

-   -   i) a cannulated rod holder having a bore therethrough,     -   ii) a rod received within the bore of the cannulated rod holder,         the rod adapted to mate with the cage,     -   iii) a cannulated sheath receiving the cannulated rod holder,         the sheath having a plurality of sheath portions extending         distally therefrom, and wherein a first sheath portion has an         inner portion bearing against the lower face of the cage, and         wherein a second sheath portion has an inner portion bearing         against the upper face of the cage.

The present invention includes a retractable sheath that holds a cage as it is inserted into the disc space, thereby shielding the sharp teeth of the cage from boney endplates and delivering graft to the disc space. Whereas conventional instrument systems that use delivery tubes for the cage do not place the tube into the disc space (but rather between the skin and the entrance to the disc space), the tubular sheath of the present invention enters the disc space.

The present invention also includes tubular, expandable spinal disc graft containment means.

Also in accordance with the present invention, there is provided a method of delivering a fusion cage to an intervertebral disc space bounded by adjacent vertebral endplates, comprising the step of:

a) delivering the fusion cage into the disc space without contacting its surfaces to the vertebral endplates during delivery.

In preferred embodiments thereof, a sheath is interposed between the cage surfaces and the endplates to prevent contact therebetween during delivery.

Also in accordance with the present invention, there is provided a method of delivering a fusion cage into the disc space, comprising the steps of:

a) inserting a distal end of a cannula into an intervertebral disc space,

b) delivering the fusion cage through the cannula into the disc space.

DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIGS. 1A-1D disclose various views of an inserter of the present invention having four main components.

FIG. 2 discloses a fusion cage being held by an inserter of the present invention, along with the space available therein for graft placement.

FIGS. 3A-3D disclose various views of an inserter of the present invention, wherein the sheath has a rectangular cross-section that tracks the cross-section of the fusion cage.

FIGS. 4A-4D disclose various steps by which the inserter of FIGS. 3A-3D inserts a cage into a disc space.

FIG. 5 discloses an inserter of the present invention having three main components.

FIGS. 6A-6B discloses an inserter of the present invention having two main components.

FIGS. 7A-7B discloses an inserter of the present invention having a curved distal sheath.

FIGS. 7C-7D discloses the distal and proximal loading of the inserter of FIGS. 7A-7B.

FIGS. 8A-8D disclose the sequential advance of the curved distal sheath of an inserter of the present invention.

FIG. 9 discloses a distal portion of an inserter of the present invention having a modular expanding sheath tip.

FIGS. 10A-10B disclose the insertion of multi-component cages with the inserter of the present invention.

FIGS. 11A-11C disclose a distal portion of an inserter of the present invention fitted with various slit sheaths.

FIG. 12A discloses a docking port component of the present invention having distally extending securement teeth.

FIG. 12B discloses a docking port component of the present invention having a distally located adjustable collar.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In some embodiments, the instrument comprises two, three, four or more components.

Now referring to FIGS. 1A-1D, there is provided an assembly of the present invention in which the inserter has four components: a sheath, a cannulated rod holder, a rod and a docking port. In particular, the assembly comprises:

a) an intervertebral fusion cage 1 having a leading end 3, a trailing end 5 having a threaded hole 6, an upper face 7 and a lower face 9, and

b) an inserter 11 comprising:

i) a cannulated rod holder 13 having a bore therethrough and a distal end portion 17 having a distal end 18 bearing against the trailing end of the cage,

ii) a rod 22 received within the bore of the cannulated rod holder, the rod having a threaded distal end 20 mating with the threaded hole of the cage,

iii) a cannulated sheath 19 adapted to receive the cannulated rod holder, the sheath having a plurality of sheath portions 23,25 extending distally therefrom,

iv) a docking port 33 having a bore therethrough and a substantially frustoconical distal end 35, wherein the cannulated sheath is slidingly received in the docking port and wherein a first sheath portion 23 has an inner portion 24 bearing against the lower face of the cage, and wherein a second sheath portion 25 has an inner portion 26 bearing against the upper face of the cage.

In general, the rod is a proximally-handled instrument that mates with the cage and typically has a distally extending screw thread similar to conventional posterior cage inserters. It is typically called a threaded securement rod. Typically, the rod has a threaded distal end, the trailing end of the cage has a mating threaded hole, and the threaded distal end of the rod is received in the mating threaded hole of the cage to secure the cage. The threaded connection allows the surgeon to keep the cage in its inserted position while the sheath is removed therefrom.

The function of the cannulated rod holder is to hold cage in position as sheath is retracted. As shown in FIG. 2, it typically has distally extending feet 24 for bearing against the trailing end of the cage. Thus, in some embodiments, the cannulated rod holder may be considered a cannulated cage holder as well. In some embodiments, the cannulated rod holder can further include a cylindrical flange or “piston” 99 that extends radially about the distal portion of the rod. This piston allows for sealed graft or BMP delivery distally thereof. As shown in FIG. 2, graft materials 31 can be placed within the cage, or placed distal and/or proximal to the cage within the cage holder, thereby eliminating the need to pre-pack or post-pack the disc space with graft materials. The piston feature provides a proximal stop for such graft placement proximal of the cage.

Referring back to FIGS. 1A-1D, the bulleted sheath 19 is a retractable cannulated sheath that slides over the rod/rod holder assembly. The sheath preferably has a very smooth (i.e., low coefficient of friction), semi-rigid inner wall 24,26 with a wall thickness of approximately 0.5 mm or less. Preferred materials of construction for the sheath include: polymerics (such as polyethylene, polypropylene, PEEK, polyurethane, and PTFE) or metallics (such as stainless steel, titanium alloy, and nitinol). One preferred sheath is constructed of a radiolucent material that allows for fluoroscopic imaging of the cage. In some embodiments, the sheath has a bulleted distal tip that optionally possesses at least one expansion slot (with four such slots shown in FIGS. 1A-1D, 2 and 4A-4D). Now referring to FIGS. 3A-3D, in some embodiments, the sheath can be produced in varying shapes, including those having a rectangular transverse cross-section 50.

In use, and now referring to FIG. 2, the sheath typically contains bone graft 31. In some cases, at least a portion of the bone graft is located within the cage. In others, at least a portion of the bone graft is located outside of the cage.

In some embodiments, the sheath comprises a distal pair of cup-like, opposed sheath half leafs, while in others the sheath comprises four sheath quarter leafs. Now referring to FIGS. 6A-6B, the proximal portion 98 of each distal sheath leaf 23, 25 is adapted to flex, thereby allowing the distal tip of the distal sheath leaf to open and close. In preferred embodiments, in their collapsed arrangement, the distal sheath leaves form a substantially conical shape distally, thereby forming a distal bullet tip. In other cases, the distal sheath leaves form a substantially tubular sheath shape proximally. In this way, the collective shape of the distal sheath leaves is much like that of a bulleted cage—i.e., it has a tubular body and a bulleted distal tip.

The distal sheath portions can also possess smooth outer surfaces to reduce friction and thereby increase the ease of insertion.

Typically, and now referring to FIG. 3A-3D, the inserter further comprises: iv) a docking port 33 having a bore therethrough and a substantially frustoconical distal end 35, wherein the cannulated sheath is slidingly received in the docking port. The docking port acts as a refractor for soft tissue and helps to place the cannulated sheath upon the vertebral body or within the disc. The docking port can also control insertion angle and depth of the bulleted sheath with enclosed cage. In some embodiments, the port is a cannulated body having a throughbore and a distal end portion having a tapered, cannulated, pyramidal or frustoconical shape.

The present invention is believed to be compatible with any conventional fusion cage. Typically, the upper and lower faces of the cage comprise a plurality of teeth. In some embodiments, the cage has a substantially rectangular transverse cross-section and the sheath has a corresponding substantially rectangular transverse cross-section. In some embodiments, the cage has a substantially circular transverse cross-section and the sheath has a corresponding substantially circular transverse cross-section. In some embodiments, the cage has a substantially elliptical transverse cross-section and the sheath has a corresponding substantially elliptical transverse cross-section.

Typically, the cage distracts the disc space during insertion. It is easy to insert and optimizes clinical performance once in place because it resists migration and subsidence, has an appropriate stiffness for load sharing, is preferably radiolucent, and has a shape that is able to contain injected graft material such as growth factors. In addition, the cage is robust over a wide variation of surgical technique because it will not break even when large forces are applied thereto.

The cage of the present invention is preferably compatible with the broad use of injectable paste-like bone grafting materials, such as BMP-containing pastes. It may be inserted empty and then filled with graft in-situ. With the availability of injectable pastes, cages will no longer require large, contiguous internal volumes to accept morselized/granular bone graft. Spaces can be smaller and more numerous. The cage of the present invention will be contained and shielded by the bulleted sheath and will therefore not experience as large impact loads during insertion.

Now referring to FIGS. 3A-3D, in some embodiments, the cage has a transverse cross-section 50 that is rectangular, and the transverse cross sections of the port, the bulleted sheath and the cannulated cage holder can substantially match that of the cage itself. This is a preferred embodiment, as it minimizes the over-distraction required in other embodiments for cage insertion.

Now referring to FIGS. 4A-4D, in one method of using the four-component inserter with the present invention, the sequence of implantation steps are as follows:

(1) fill the cage and sheath with bone graft.

(2) dock the docking port 33 onto the disc space. The port can be used to direct the angle and location of any desired disc clearing effort as well as cage implantation.

(3) advance of the bulleted sheath. The bulleted sheath 19 containing the graft and cage are advanced to the desired depth and location. The bulleted sheath reduces insertion forces due to its shape and its lubricious material of construction, while encasing the cage and its associated securement features (teeth).

(4) imaging. Imaging is performed to confirm cage positioning.

(5) sheath refraction: The sheath is retracted from the cage 1, thereby exposing the cage and its contents to the vertebral endplates.

(6) Cage Disconnection/Release: Following retraction of the sheath, the threaded rod is disengaged from the cage, thereby leaving the cage in the disc space at the desired location.

(7) Added Graft Injection (optional): As a last step, additional graft can be deployed via packing or injecting through the cannulated cage holder.

Now referring to FIG. 5, in some embodiments, the inserter instrument of the present invention is a three-component design that does not have a docking port. This design includes:

a) a threaded securement rod 23 that mates with the cage via screw threads in a manner similar to conventional posterior cage inserters;

b) a cannulated cage holder 13 to receive the rod and hold the cage in position as the sheath is retracted; and

c) a bulleted cannulated sheath 19.

In using the inserter of FIG. 5, the bulleted sheath (containing the graft and the cage 1) is advanced to the desired location. Due to the shape and lubricious material which encases the cage and associated securement features (such as teeth), the bulleted sheath reduces insertion forces. Imaging is then performed to confirm positioning.

Now referring to FIGS. 6A-6B, there is provided a simple two-component embodiment of the present invention employing a cage pusher/holder 61 and an insertion sheath 19. The cage pusher/holder features the threaded feature of the rod and the shoulder 63 of the cannulated rod holder of FIGS. 1A-1D. The cage pusher/holder holds the cage 1 in position as sheath is retracted, and the feet can act as a piston for sealed graft delivery. The bulleted sheath 19 (containing the graft and cage) is advanced to the desired location. The bulleted sheath reduces insertion forces due to the shape and lubricious material which encases the cage and associated securement features (such as teeth). Imaging is performed to confirm positioning.

In some embodiments, and now referring to FIGS. 7A and 7B, the cages of the assembly of the present invention have curved sidewalls. Typically, these curved cages are placed in an anterior portion of the disc space. The curved sheath reduced the need for post-insertion manipulation of theses cages with conventional insertion methods which is more challenging due to the final position of the cage and the increased manipulation and forces that are required to push it in.

In preferred cases, the sheath is curved to help deliver these curved implants. In cases in which the sheath is curved, the sheath preferably comprises a superelastic shape memory material and has a curved configuration and a straight configuration. The sheath of the insertion device of the present invention also possesses curved sidewalls 71,72, thereby providing for shielded placement of the curved cage in the desired final location prior to sheath retraction. In one type of preferred curved inserter device (FIG. 7C), there is distal loading of the cage, allowing for minimal diameter of the bulleted sheath and cannulated cage holder. The second type of curved inserter device (FIG. 7D) allows for proximal cage loading, but requires an increased diameter of the bulleted sheath and cannulated cage holder. Such a curved inserter can be made to be self-steerable by using a memory metal or memory polymer sheath, or by using a threaded inserter that recovers its unloaded position upon deployment from the docking port.

In some embodiments, and now referring to FIGS. 8A-8D, the cage inserter can be steered into its desired location via cables or other means, wherein the sheath 19 has a tensioning cable 75 attached thereto.

In some embodiments, and now referring to FIG. 9, the cage inserter can have a modular expanding tip 77. The distal tip of the bulleted sheath can be modular and be attached to the proximal portion of the sheath. The modular component can be prepackaged sterile and marketed with the matching cage size contained within to minimize over-distraction. The entire inserter can also be polymeric and/or disposable.

In some embodiments, and now referring to FIGS. 10 A and B, multiple cages 81 may be deployed. A plurality of curved or straight cages (or a combination of curved and straight cages) of a size smaller than a standard cage can be inserted either in succession or simultaneously. In some embodiments thereof, multiple cages can be connected to each other by a cable 83 to provide a more stable construct.

In some embodiments, and now referring to FIGS. 11A-C, the split sheath comprises a longitudinal gap 91 between sheath portions (i.e., the sheath portions do not contact each other). This gap allows for different cage heights to be handled by the same sheath component, thereby reducing the number of potential instruments in the set.

In some embodiments, and now referring to FIGS. 12A-B, the docking port could have multiple means for attachment, such as teeth, to provide security in between or onto the vertebral bodies. In some embodiments, and now referring to FIG. 12A the docking port can have one or more tongs or spikes 51 extending distally from its distal end portion to assist in holding position upon the vertebral bodies or within the disc. Typically, the docking port also has a proximal handle 53.

Now referring to FIG. 12B, the docking port could also include an adjustable collar 93 and incremental adjustment grooves 95. These components could be used to both dock onto the vertebral bodies and control the depth to which the instrument is introduced into the disc space.

Typically, the inserter of the present invention can be made out of any material commonly used in medical instruments. The cage insertion instrument can be made available in a sterile version with preassembled cage and graft, or in a reusable version. If the inserter is designed to be reusable, then it is preferred that all of its components be made of stainless steel. If the inserter is designed to be disposable, then it is preferred that at least some of the components be made of plastic. Preferably, at least one component of the inserter is sterilized. More preferably, each component is sterilized.

The intervertebral fusion cage of the present invention may be manufactured from any biocompatible material commonly used in interbody fusion procedures. In some embodiments, the cage is made from a composite comprising 40-99% polyarylethyl ketone PAEK, and 1-60% carbon fiber. Such a cage is radiolucent. Preferably, the polyarylethyl ketone PAEK is selected from the group consisting of polyetherether ketone PEEK, polyether ketone ketone PEKK, polyether ketone ether ketone ketone PEKEKK, and polyether ketone PEK. Preferably, cage is made from woven, long carbon fiber laminates. Preferably, the PAEK and carbon fiber are homogeneously mixed. Preferably, the composite consists essentially of PAEK and carbon fiber. Preferably, the composite comprises 60-80 wt % PAEK and 20-40 wt % carbon fiber, more preferably 65-75 wt % PAEK and 25-35 wt % carbon fiber. In some embodiments, the cage is made from materials used in carbon fibers cages marketed by DePuy Spine, Raynham, Mass., USA. In some embodiments, the composite is PEEK-OPTIMA™, available from Invibio of Greenville, N.C.

In other embodiments, the cage is made from a metal such as titanium alloy, such as Ti-6Al-4V. In other embodiments, the cage is made from an allograft material. In some embodiments, the cage is made from ceramic, preferably a ceramic that can be at least partially resorbed, such as HA or TCP. In other embodiments, the ceramic comprises an oxide such as either alumina or zirconia. In some embodiments, the cage is made from a polymer, preferably a polymer that can be at least partially resorbed, such as PLA or PLG.

In preferred embodiments, the cage is provided in a sterile form. 

We claim:
 1. A method of manipulating an intervertebral assembly including a fusion device having an upper surface, a lower surface disposed such that the upper and lower surfaces are spaced from each other along a vertical direction, an insertion nose, a proximal end portion that is spaced from the insertion nose in a proximal direction that is perpendicular to the vertical direction, and opposed sidewalls that are disposed between the insertion nose and the proximal end portion, the method comprising the steps of; attaching a distal end portion of a shaft to the proximal end portion of the fusion device, the shaft having a proximal end portion opposite the distal end portion; pivoting an upper leaf with respect to the upper surface about a first location that is offset from a distal end of the upper leaf in the proximal direction, wherein the upper leaf is disposed at least partially above the upper surface of the fusion device; pivoting a lower leaf with respect to the lower surface about a second location that is offset from a distal end of the lower leaf in the proximal direction, wherein the lower leaf is disposed at least partially below the lower surface of the fusion device; and wherein the pivoting steps move the intervertebral assembly between a closed arrangement whereby the distal ends of the upper and lower leaves are spaced apart a first distance along the vertical direction, and an open arrangement whereby the distal ends of the upper and lower leaves are spaced apart a second distance greater than the first distance along the vertical direction, and wherein the first and second locations are offset from each other along the vertical direction.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the pivoting steps cause respective inner surfaces of the upper and lower leaves to rest against the upper and lower surfaces, respectively, of the fusion device when the intervertebral assembly is in the closed arrangement.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the proximal direction is oriented along a longitudinal direction that further includes a distal direction opposite the proximal direction, the assembly further comprising a threaded member oriented along the longitudinal direction within the fusion device.
 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of threadedly attaching the distal end portion of the shaft in a threaded hole of the fusion device.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the step of threadedly attaching comprises threadedly attaching the distal end portion of the shaft in the threaded hole that extends into the proximal end portion of the fusion device.
 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the proximal direction is oriented along a longitudinal direction that further includes a distal direction that is opposite the proximal direction, the upper and lower leaves each comprises a lateral edge running substantially along the longitudinal direction, and the method further comprises the step of positioning the lateral edges of the upper leaf substantially parallel with the lateral edges of the lower leaf when the intervertebral assembly is in the closed arrangement.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the distal ends of the upper and lower leaves comprise respective distal tips that tapers towards each other as they extend in a distal direction opposite the proximal direction.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the insertion nose is tapered as it extends in a distal direction opposite the proximal direction.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the fusion device defines a vertical throughhole that extends through the upper and lower surfaces at a location between the side walls.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the first and second locations are offset from the insertion nose in the proximal direction.
 11. The method of claim 1, further comprising the step of gripping an upper vertebral endplate with a plurality of teeth of the upper surface, and gripping a lower vertebral endplate with a plurality of teeth of the lower surface.
 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the first location is offset in the proximal direction from an upper midpoint of the upper leaf, the upper midpoint disposed equidistantly between an upper distal terminal end of the upper leaf and an upper proximal terminal end of the upper leaf that is opposite the upper distal terminal end, and wherein the second location is offset in the proximal direction from a lower midpoint of the lower leaf, the lower midpoint disposed equidistantly between a lower distal terminal end of the lower leaf and a lower proximal terminal end of the lower leaf that is opposite the lower distal terminal end.
 13. A method of manipulating an intervertebral assembly including a fusion device having an upper surface, a lower surface disposed such that the upper and lower surfaces are spaced from each other along a vertical direction, an insertion nose, a proximal end portion that is configured to attach to a shaft and is spaced from the insertion nose in a proximal direction that is perpendicular to the vertical direction, and opposed sidewalls that are disposed between the insertion nose and the proximal end portion, the method comprising the steps of: pivoting a plurality of leaves with respect to the fusion device about a respective location that is offset from a respective distal end of each of the plurality of leaves in the proximal direction, wherein the respective locations are offset from each other in a plane that is oriented perpendicular to the proximal direction; wherein the pivoting step moves the intervertebral assembly between a closed arrangement whereby the respective distal ends of an opposed pair of the plurality of leaves are spaced apart a first distance along the vertical direction, and an open arrangement whereby the respective distal ends of the opposed pair of the plurality of leaves are spaced apart a second distance greater than the first distance along the vertical direction, wherein when the intervertebral assembly is in the closed arrangement, the opposed pair of the leaves surround the upper and lower surfaces of the fusion device.
 14. The method of claim 13, further comprising the step of attaching a distal end portion of a shaft to the proximal end portion of the fusion device, wherein the shaft further has a proximal end portion, and the distal end portion of the shaft is spaced from the proximal end portion of the shaft along a distal direction that is opposite the proximal direction.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the attaching step comprises threadably attaching the distal end portion of the shaft to the proximal end portion of the fusion device.
 16. The method of claim 13, wherein the fusion device defines a vertical throughhole that extends through the upper and lower surfaces at a location between the side walls.
 17. The method of claim 13, further comprising the step of gripping an upper vertebral endplate with a plurality of teeth of the upper surface, and gripping a lower vertebral endplate with a plurality of teeth of the lower surface.
 18. The method of claim 13, further comprising the step of positioning respective surfaces of the opposed pair of the plurality of leaves substantially parallel to each other when the intervertebral assembly is in the closed arrangement.
 19. The method of claim 13, further comprising the step of resting respective inner surfaces of the upper and lower leaves against the upper and lower surfaces, respectively, of the fusion device when the intervertebral assembly is in the closed arrangement.
 20. The method of claim 13, wherein the respective locations are offset from each other in the proximal direction from a plane that extends through the midpoint of each of the plurality of leaves, the midpoint of each of the plurality of leaves disposed equidistantly between proximal and distal terminal ends of the respective leaves. 